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'''Kuruba''' or '''Kuruma''' is a [[caste]] of [[Hindus]] who in the past were mainly [[shepherd]]s. They are also called as [[Gowda]]s or Kuruba Gowdas. The community is present in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are known as [[Dhangar]]s in Maharashtra, Kurumba / [[Kuruma]]ns / [[Kurumbar]] in Tamil Nadu, Kuruba Gowdas or Halumatha in Karnataka and Kurma in Andhra Pradesh. Unofficial population estimate Karnataka is about 16 million.
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em;width:300px;"
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="chocolate" | <center><font size="+1">Kuruba</font></center>
|-
| bgcolor="orange" | Classification:
| bgcolor="#ffde80" | [[Caste]] Kuruba / [[Dhangar]]/Kurma
|-
|-
| bgcolor="orange" | Significant populations in:
| bgcolor="#ffde80" | [[Southern India]]
|-
| bgcolor="orange" | Language
| bgcolor="#ffde80" | [[Kannada language|Kannada]], Kuruba language, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil
|-
| bgcolor="orange" | Religion
| bgcolor="#ffde80" | [[Hinduism]]
|}
==Etymology==
The word Kuruba means "warriors" and "trustworthy people".{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} The word "Kuru" means "do or seek" in [[Sanskrit]], and "Kuruhu" means "trust" in [[Kannada]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} The majority of Kurubas were shepherds in ancient times In fact, animal breeding was a very early profession; just after hunting-gathering and just before farming. According to the British historian [[Reginald Edward Enthoven]], Kurumas are none other than the [[Ahir]]s of the south.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA18&dq=abiria+of+ptolemy&hl=en&ei=_0wkTbjwMsGBlAfovbWNAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=abiria%20of%20ptolemy&f=false</ref><ref>Reginald Edward Enthoven, ''The tribes and castes of Bombay'', volume 1, page 19</ref> Kurubas are among the most ancient and original inhabitants of [[India]] and were a pastoral community,an occupation which predates agriculture and farming. The majority of the Kurubas have abandoned their traditional profession as pastoralists, who at some point in history had a foresight about shrinking pastoral landscapes which influenced their occupational shift to settled agriculturalists, hence asserting themselves in this region where they settled down. In the process a few of them grew powerful. It signifies the transition of the ancient animal rearing and nomadic humans into more settled and farming communities. People have branched out of the Kuruba community and developed into other communities over the ages when they started professions other than animal husbandry.
Kurubas are of two major divisions: the larger one is the Kannada-speaking pastoral middle caste of Western Karnataka, while the other is the Kurumba language speaking tribe of [[Nilgiris]] and surrounding parts.
===History===
The Kuruba community is one of the oldest existing communities of India, tracing its history back to prehistoric times. Kurubas have a great and ancient association Kannada language. The population of the Kuruba community in Karnataka alone is nearly 80 lakhs. People of the Kuruba community have long practised a variety of professions, and have not been confined to their traditional (and still predominant) occupation as [[shepherd]]s and [[farmer]]s. They have been the source of several ruling dynasties, most recently the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] who were Maratha Dhangars. Undeniably, a large section of rural gentry and peasantry in [[Karnataka]] have belonged to the Kuruba community. Some Kurubas have been social thinkers and poets, such as [[Kanakadasa]]. Before the Tamil [[Sangam]], South India was inhabitated by [[megalith]]-builders. These were a pastoral people who lived in caves and in the wilderness. They made stone and metal weapons and pottery. These people built dolmens and cromlechs for their noble dead. In these they buried their dead alongwith foodgrains, tools, weapons and other eminities for the afterlife. They were locally called as the Pandava people. These were the earliest monuments found in South India. These [[megalith]]-builders were the [[Kurumba]] people. Kuruba Gowdas reached the zenith of prosperity during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], which they founded and the Kuruba dynasty ([[Sangama Dynasty]]) lasted from 1336 CE to 1488 CE. <ref name="Book of Duarte Barbosa"> By James Mansel Longworth page 204</ref>.<ref name="Oriental Historical manuscripts"> Oriental Historical manuscripts in Tamil Language, volume 2 page 140</ref> <ref name="A social history of India"> By S N Sadasivan page 242</ref>[[Virupaksha Raya II]] was the last Kuruba emperor of [[Vijayanagar Empire]]
===Culture===
Kurubas are [[Hindu]]s who follow [[Halumatha]], referred to as [[Palamatha]] in some parts of India, the religion of the Palakas. Worshiping Almighty Source in stone ([[Linga]]) form might have originated from Halumatha. Since animals are indirectly related to stone(soil is formed from stones, plants grow on soil, animals depend on plants), this may be the reason for worshiping Almighty in Stone. Through the ages, this stone worship tradition might have led to worshiping [[Shiva]] ([[Pashupati]]) as [[Beeralingeswara]], [[Mailara Linga]], [[Khandoba]], [[Mahadeshwara]], Nanjundeswara, Mallappa, Mallara, Mallikarjuna, Junjappa, Malingaraya, Bommagondeshwara, Sande devaru etc. Even the worshiping of shakti as Manchamma, (Temple in Naganahalli, Kunigal Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka, Yellamma, Renuka, Chowdamma, Kariyamma, Hulluramma, Hallehoramma, Thottilhiramma, Chamundi, Bhanashankari, Gullamma, Gangamma etc. might have come from this tradition. Even today ancestral worship as deities is very common. The worship of ancestors like Revanasidda, [[Rama]], [[Hanuman]], [[Krishna]], [[Keshava]], [[Ranganatha]], Eera Thimmanna, [[Tirupati Thimmappa]], [[Venkateswara]], [[Kalidasa]], [[Siddarama]], [[Kanakadasa]], etc. as Devaru very much exists in Kuruba traditions.
Beeralingeswara temples have ''Balaga'' with [[Gowda]].<ref name=Mysore: Handicraft survey monographs:crafts using wood as achief raw material year 1965> By K.Balasubramanyam</ref>, Buddhivanta, Bandari, Kolkara, [[Heggade]]<ref name=Mysore: Handicraft survey monographs:crafts using wood as achief raw material year 1965> By K.Balasubramanyam</ref> etc. Generally, priests in Beeralingeshwara and Milaralingeshwara temples are Kurubas. The forefathers of these people were of the major Indian dynasties.<ref>http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/hakkabukka.htm</ref>
===Other Names===
Kurubas are known by different names in different regions of the country, like [[Maldhari]] / Bharwad / [[Rabari]], Bharavadaru, [[Dhangar]], Dhangad / Dhanwar / Dhanka /Dhangod, Doddi Gowda, Goravar,Gadhariya, Gadaria, [[Gowda]], [[Gaddi]], Gadri, [[Golla]], [[Kurumba Gounder]], Halumatha, Heggades, Idyar, Kuruba, [[Kuruba Gowda]], Kuruva, Kurumba, Kurmar, [[Kurumbar]], [[Kuruma]], Kurkhi, Kurupu, [[Naiker]]s, Nikhers, [[Oraon]], Pal / Pala, Palaru, Paalakshtriya. [[Gowda]] is the commonly used surname among Kurubas. These people perform the role of the village or community head called "[[Gowdike]]".
===Sub-castes===
*[[Kadu Kuruba]]
*[[Jenu Kuruba]]
*[[Betta Kuruba]]
*[[Gonda Kuruba]]
*[[Sanchari Kuruba]]
*[[Hosa Kuruba]]
*[[Harasu Kuruba]]
* Hire Kuruba
* Pattadha Kuruba
* Shankina Kuruba
===Kuruba Gowda Gotras===
The tradition of gotras was started by Kuruba Gowdas as a means of identifying people of same familial lineage. Gotras were used to prevent intermarriages amongst family members within the community. [[Allama Prabhu]], the [[Lingayat]] saint had said "Kuruba Hutavamunna Kulavilla Gotra Villam, Kuruban fal kani [[Basavanna]]", meaning "Before the Kurubas there were no gotras, gotras came with Kurubas, Basavanna, we are the descendants of kurubas". This shows that many Lingayats were Kurubas/Dhangars previously. The gotra system was later adopted by other communities and is even prevelant to this day.
===Kuruba Gowda Deities===
*[[Beeralingeswara]]
*[[Mailara Linga]]
*[[Mahadeshwara]]
*[[Khandoba]]
*[[Yellamma]]
===Kuruba Gowda Festivals===
*[[Mailara Jaatre]]
*[[Karnikotsava]]
*[[Dodda Dayvara Jatre]]
*[[Tenginakai Pavada]]
*[[Kanakadasa Jayanthi]]
* Beeredevara Jatre
* Mahadeshwara Jatre
* Yellamma Jatre
===Kuruba epics===
* [[Halumatha Kuruba Purana]] - story of Kuruba Gowdas
* [[Epic of Katamaraju]] - Telugu epic
* The Story of [[Mahadeshwara]]
* Itagi Bhimambika Purana - story of [[Itagi Bhimambika]]
===Traditions===
[[File:Dollukunitha1.jpg|right|thumb|400px| Dollukunitha.]]
Traditionally Kuruba Gowdas celebrate most [[Hindu]] festivals. They have their own costumes, songs, ballads and plays in praise of god such as:
* [[Kamsale]] - sung in praise of [[Mahadeshwara]]
* [[Dollu Kunitha]]
* [[Kurubara Kunitha]]
* [[Oggu Kathas]]
* [[Lingada Birana Kunitha]]
* [[Goravayyalu]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Goravara Kunitha]]
* Beeredevara Kunitha
* Somana Kunitha
==Kuruba Gowdas Today==
Traditionally warriors and farmers, [[Kurubas]] were late to take up modern education, but have made rapid progress in many fields. They reached the zenith of prosperity under the Vijayanagara empire.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Lgw076Gco2UC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=vijayanagara+sewell+kuruba&source=bl&ots=EZLjTi3i4U&sig=C_x3Ocpkrsmw9k42XJUlBjNdwcU&hl=en&ei=W9fQStbzJ4rSsQOc6ZzwCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=&f=false</ref>
===Kuruba language===
Kurubas are probably the only major caste in south India with a distinct [[Kuruba Language]] spoken by [[Betta Kuruba]]s and [[Jenu Kuruba]]s of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.{{or|date=December 2011}}
===Books about Kuruba Gowdas===
The following literary works are on Kuruba Gowdas
* "Bharatha Kurubara Charithre" by V R Hanumanthaiah
* "Halumatha Darshana" by Shambha Joshi
* "Karnataka Kurubas" by Shivanand Gubbanna
* "Badal Aamhi Ghadvinar" in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Mahadeo Jankar
* "Satyashodhak,Dandnayak - Saint Kanakadass" (in Marathi) by S.L.Akkisagar
===Portrayal of Kuruba Gowdas in media===
Kuruba Gowdas are a favourite topic for movies, since the community has produced many historical figures who have become household names. Many Kannada films have extensively protrayed their life, culture and traditions. The most famous dialogue is "Kuntre Kuruba, Nintre Kiruba" literally meaning that "If I sit I am just a Kuruba, but If I stand I can turn into a Hayena", the meaning of which is that Kurubas are good to good people, but at the same time can become bad to teach bad people a lesson.
Kuruba Gowdas are portrayed in films such as
*[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]] - [[Kannada language|Kannada]] movie starring [[Dr Rajkumar]].
*[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]] - [[Kannada language|Kannada]] movie starring Dr Rajkumar.
*[[Sangolli Rayanna]] - Kannada movie about the legendary freedom fighter.
*[[Kakanakote]] - Movie about Kaka the leader of [[Kadu Kuruba]]s.
*[[Kalidasa]] - [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Movie starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]].
*[[Jogi]] - Kannada movie starring [[Shivarajkumar]]
* Mailari - Starring [[Shivrajkumar]]
* Kranti Veera Sangolli Rayanna - Starring [[Darshan]] and [[Jaya Pradha]]
===Kingdoms/Rulers===
* [[Vijayanagar Empire]].<ref name="Book of Duarte Barbosa"> By James Mansel Longworth page 204</ref>
* [[Hoysala]]s of [[Karnataka]].
* [[Pallava]]s <ref name= The Mysore Tribes and Castes> By L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer(Diwan Bahadur) year 1936</ref> of [[Tamil Nadu]].
* [[Holkars]] of [[Indore]]
* [[Hakka Raya]].<ref name="Book of Duarte Barbosa"> By James Mansel Longworth page 204</ref> - Founder of Vijayanagara Empire.
* [[Bukka Raya]].<ref name="Book of Duarte Barbosa"> By James Mansel Longworth page 204</ref> - Founder of Vijayanagara Empire.
* [[Virupaksha Raya II]].<ref name="Horace Hayman Wilson, Colin Mackenzie"> Mackenzie collection: a descriptive catalogue of the oriental manuscripts and other articles of south india, surver general of India, volume 1 page cxl3</ref>
* [[Aihilyabai Holkar]] - Ruler of Indore.
===Historical Persons===
* [[Kalidasa]] - [[Sanskrit]] Poet
* [[Kanakadasa]] - Saint of Haridasa Movement
* [[Sangolli Rayanna]] - [[Freedom Fighter]]
* [[Junje Gowda]] - Builder of Male Mahadeshwara Temple
* [[Kaka Nayaka]] - of [[Kakanakote]] fame.
===Spiritual/Religious People===
* Shri Anjanappa Swamiji - First head of Gattahalli Ashram, Kolar
* [[Shri Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri Swamiji]] - 1st head of the Kaginele Kanaka Guru Peetha
* [[Basavaraja Devaru]]- Head of Mansur Sri Revana Siddeshwara Mutt
* Shri Niranjanananda Puri Swamiji - Head of the Kaginele Kanaka Guru Peetha.
* Shri Yellalinga Maharaja - Mungalkod
* Shri Laddu Muttya - Bagalkot
* Shri [[Balumama]] - Maharashtra
===Some Famous Kuruba Gowdas===
[[Kollur Mallappa]], [[T.Mariappa]], [[D.K.Naiker]], [[Siddaramaiah]], [[K.S.Eshwarappa]], [[H.Vishwanath]], [[Channaiah Odeyar]], [[Bandaru Dattatreya]], [[Kempaiah]], [[A.V.Ravi]], [[General Sri Nagesh]], [[Kalathapasvi Rajesh]], [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Kancha Ilaiah]], [[P.R.Thippeswamy]].
===Other Kuruba Gowdas==
*[[List of Kuruba Gowdas]]
==See also==
*[[Dhangar]]
*[[Yaduvanshi|Yadavas]]
*[[Kurumbar]]
*[[Mudha Mooppan]]
===External links===
*http://www.kurumasena.com
*[http://kurubarasene.com/ Kurubara sene Website]
*[http://kurubagowdas.blogspot.co.uk/ Kuruba ]
* [http://rashtriyasamaj.blogspot.com/2009/12/jai-mallhar-to-rayanna-nayak-mahanayak.html Kuruba / Dhangar / Shepherds – Politically Deprived Community ! ]
*http://www.bellary.nic.in/History.htm
*http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Tamil-Nadu/Pallavas-21797.htm
*http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kurumba-Tribe-50325.htm
*http://www.apkuruma.org
*http://kurubashakkabukka.blogspot.in
==Notes==
<references/>
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}}
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